Study in Russia

Education System in Russia

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Higher Education in Russia
Universities in Russia
Study MBBS in Russia

Student Visa
Post Graduate Medical Courses
List of Medical Universities in Russia
Scholarships
Admission

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Russian Visa Immigration Requirements

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Immigration
Russian Visa Immigration Requirements

All foreign nationals are required to have entry visas to travel to the Russian Federation. Russian entry visas can be obtained at local Russian Embassy or Consulate, proper authorization (invitation) from the Passport and Visa Department (UVIR) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or specially authorized travel agencies is required. More on Russian visa requirements.
Why Visa to Russia?
While there are many respected travel organizations ready to help you obtain visa support or process your Russian/CIS visas, we offer express Russian visa online services. Upon receipt of your visa support, you may apply for a visa at any Russian Embassy or Consulate worldwide, or through our authorized visa service near you. All online requests are processed immediately by our Moscow (Russia) office and live customer support is provided 7 days a week. Apply now for Russian visa!

for details visit: http://study-russia.info/russian_visa_immigration_requirements.htm

Foreign Embassies in Russia

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Foreign Embassies in Russia

Russia Visa Information
All foreign nationals are required to have entry visas to travel to the Russian Federation. Russian entry visas can be obtained at local Russian Embassy or Consulate, The Passport and Visa Department (UVIR) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or specially authorized travel agencies.

Tourist visas allow stays of up to 30 days.
Russia doesn't currently have any working holiday agreements with other countries
If you are staying for a longer period of time or intend to work or study in Russia you should check with the Embassy regarding visa requirements. For further information on visas that may be available contact you nearest Russian Embassy or Consulate.
Following are the list of Foreign Embassies in Russia:

http://study-russia.info/embassies_russia.html

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Student Visa for Russia

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Student Visa for Russia

If you are planning to study in Russia longer than one month, you will need a student visa. There are two types of student visa: for a period of up to 90 days (3 months) and for a period of up to one year. Therefore, you should first decide how long you may stay in Russia overall, and then choose the type of visa accordingly.
Short-term Student Visa (three months)entry-exit visa, effective May 1, 2001
You are eligible for this type of visa if your stay in Russia will not exceed three months. Since this is a short term visa, the application process is easier and fewer additional papers are required to support your application (below you will find a list of all documents that are required for a three month student visa).
According to the Russian immigration law the type of this visa is "Entry-Exit", therefore, there is no need to make a special "Exit visa" when you leave the country. However, it is usually impossible to extend this visa without leaving the country once you are in Russia. Thus, if you intend to stay in Russia for a longer period, you should apply for a long-term student visa that can be extended for a period of up to one year.

for complete list visit: http://study-russia.info/student_visa_russia_russian_student_visa.htm

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Business Schools in Russian

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Business Schools in Russian
Business Schools in Russia with MBA Programs
MBA Programs in Russia
Akademie für VolkswirtschaftMoscow, RussiaTwo-Year Full-Time: MBA

Kaliningrad International Business Institute (KIBI)Kaliningrad, RussiaExecutive MBA: MBA Executive Program with a concentration in Strategic Management
Academy of National Economy (AHX) - Institute of Business StudiesMoscow, RussiaOne-Year Full-Time: Professional MBA · MBA in International Business Part-Time: Finance MBA · Euro-Management - MBA in Leadership · Top Manager MBA with concentrations in Management, Finance and Credit Executive MBA: Executive MBA in Strategic Administration · Executive MBA in Strategic Finanaces

for complete list of business schools visit:
http://study-russia.info/business_schools_in_russia_with_mba_programs.htm

Study Engineering in Russia

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Study Engineering in Russia
Engineering Education in Russia
Study Engineering
Russia was always famous for top-level education in different spheres of Engineering and many of its universities are considered to be the schools of educational excellence, having a potential for real greatness. A long-term history of these universities provides many examples of creating a great number of the world-known scientific contributions in developing different fields such as space engineering, heating engineering, biophysics, aerodynamics, radio physics, radio electronics, optics, laser technology, dynamics, strength of machines, theoretical and experimental physics, mathematics, cybernetics and computer sciences, discovering of new energy sources, solving new scientific and technological problems, implementing of new methods of energy generating, distributing and consuming.
The aim of these schools is to train skillful artisans with a solid theoretical background to improve and spread skills in various trades.
Currently there are institutions of higher learning that provide tuition in different fields of engineering: the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, the Moscow Civil Engineering Institute, which are recognized nationally and internationally for the quality of its programs. The most important ingredient of graduate education is the combination of fundamental theoretical knowledge with profound engineering skills, enabling students to solve the current problems of contemporary science and modern industries.
Well-known academicians, scientists, astronauts number amongst alumni and professors: Academician A.N.Tupolev (class "TU" aircraft), Mikoyan A.I. (class "MIG" aircraft), Jakovlev A.S. (class "JAK" aircraft), S.P.Korolev, academician N.A.Dollezhal, chief designer of atomic piles, academician A.I.Tselikov, chief designer of metallurgical engineering, academician S.A.Lebedev, chief designer of computers, Nobel Prize winners, the members of Russian Academy of Sciences, winners of different National Prizes.

for complete list of engineering schools visit:
http://study-russia.info/study_engineering_institutes_schools_colleges_russia.htm

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List of Medical Schools in Russia

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List of Medical Schools in Russia
Medical Schools in Russia

Study Medicine
Russian medical education is considered to be one of the best in the world, due to its advanced and sophisticated teaching methods, and scientific approach. You will be instructed by experienced staff, who have earned reputations worldwide as excellent physicians, and teachers. The books and textbooks issued in Russian medical schools have been translated into dozens of languages. Russian degrees have gained global recognition, and topped UNESCO and WHO ratings. As is known, many young people who dream of getting а medical or veterinary education face the enormous difficulties of gaining admission, and staying in school. This is due to the very high acceptance requirements, long duration of studies, and considerable costs.

Russian universities offer programs that meet the needs of international students. All the programs are targeted to prepare students for university graduation and successful careers in medicines. International graduates from Russian universities are now achieving their ambitions in leading clinics and companies working in the sphere of medicine all over the world.There are 48 medical colleges spread throughout the country, which give the best qualification and skills to the students. We would like to introduce you to the most prestigeous establishments situated in the very heart of Russia, its capital Moscow – among them I.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. This educational establishment has hundred-year history and 50-year experience of training foreigners. The diplomas of this Academy are recognized by the Medical Council of India, Great Britain and other countries.

for complete list of medical schools in russia visit:
http://study-russia.info/list_of_medical_schools_in_russia.htm

MCI Regulations in India

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MCI Regulations in India
MCI Regulations
INDIAEligibility letter regulations :As per the new amendment to the Indian Medical Act, 1956, any Indian student intending to study medicine in any medical college anywhere in abroad for a graduate medical course has to obtain an eligibility certificate from the Medical Council of India, New Delhi before joining the medical college abroad. The academic requirement for the eligibility certificate as defined by the Medical Council of India for the general is an aggregate 50% marks in the Physics / Chemistry and Biology and 40% incase of the reserved category. The responsibility of obtaining the eligibility certificate as required by the Medical Council of India rests with the student.

for more details visit: http://study-russia.info/mci_regulations_india.htm

Post Graduate Medical Courses in Russia

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Post Graduate Medical Courses in Russia

Post Graduate Medical Courses - Russia

Graduate Courses - M.D / M.S / M.D.S
Medicine Faculty M.D / M.S
Eligibility -He / She should have a Bachelor's degree (M.B.B.S)from a recognized University by MCI, or WHO (World Health Organization).Duration of the Courses -The post graduation courses in the case of Medicine are for a period of 2 years to 5 years.

Medium of instruction:- English
Post Graduate Specialities
• Allergology and Immunology
• Anesthesiology and Reanimatology
• Angiosurgery
• Cardiology
• Cardiovascular Surgery
• Coloproctology
• Dermatovenerology
• Endocrinology
• Gastroenterology
• General Surgery
• Infectious and Tropical Diseases
• Laparoscopic Surgery
• Maxillo facial surgery
• Neonatology
• Nephrology
• Neurology
• Neurosurgery
• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Oncology
• Ophthalmology
• Otorhinolaryngology
• Pediatrics
• Phthisiopulmonology
• Physiotherapy
• Plastic Surgery
• Pulmonology
• Radiology
• Social Medicine and Management in Public Health
• Therapy
• Thoracic Surgery
• Traumatology and Orthopedics
• Urology

for details visit: http://study-russia.info/post_graduate_medical_courses_Russia.htm

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Graduate Medical Courses in Russia

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Graduate Medical Courses in Russia

Graduate Medical Courses - Russia
Graduate Courses - M.B.B.S / B.D.S
Eligibility :1. He / She should not be more than 27 years old as on 1st of September of the year of application.2. He / She should have obtained aggregate 50% marks in the Physics / Chemistry / Biology in the 12th standard. As per the requirement of the Medical Council of India, for medical course, all reserved category students having aggregate 40% marks could also apply.3. He / she should obtain an eligibility certificate from the Medical Council of India.

Duration of the course : 6 years (5 years for B.D.S).
Medium of instruction : English
Degree Awarded :The degree awarded would be the M.D (Physician), which is the basic degree equivalent to the M.B.B.S in India. The degree M.D (Physician) should not be confused as a post graduate qualification.In case of dentistry the degree awarded would be B.D.S

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http://study-russia.info/graduate_medical_courses_russia_mbbs_bds.htm

Study Medicine / MBBS in Russia

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Study Medicine / MBBS in Russia
Study Medicine in Russia

Russia has been one of the most preferred destination for the international students to purse their mbbs degree. Most of the Russia medical schools offer the M.D. Degree which is equivalent to the mbbs degree offered in Countries like India and Pakistan. The MD degree offered is also eligible in western countries like USA, UK, etc.

The mbbs in Russia is taught in two different languages. Namely English Medium and Russian Medium. Most of the foreign students study the mbbs program in English medium and very few join the Russian medium for which the student has to study one year language program.
On the world stage, Russia has remarkable distinction in The Higher Education System. More than two million students have enrolled their names in these Institutions or Universities. These are more than 17,250 doctors of science and about 8,75,000 candidates of science in various institutions. They take lecture as well as active in developing new scientific trends & advanced technology.The students/ teacher ratio is approximately 7:1 ,80 Russian Medical Education is considered its standard one & most advanced one. It is sophisticated in the world as every institution is well equipped and teaching methods are regulated and stream lined providing for an extensive development of students in chosen specialties.The Russian medical degrees have topped WHO and UNESCO ranking and have got global recognition. About 30 positions are occupied by the Russian Medical Universities in World Ranking and The Russian Federation has some of the finest medical Universities in World Ranking. The Indian students seeking admission are admitted in those institutions which are recognized by this medical council of India for screening test conducted by MCI. Compared to western countries, the tuition fee in Russian institutions are reasonable. Compaired to western countries the imparting system of higher education in Russia is well formulated and advanced. In the evaluation of student’s performance, their progress in mastering the subject is monitored closely and objectively. The head of the institution formulate the tests and examinations during every academic year in a great number.The important part of higher education assessment process in Russia is the final state examination. From September all the Russian Institutions starts their academic year.There are two semesters in an academic year,September to January and February to June. First semester examinations are held usually in January while second semester exams are held in June. Student enjoys winter vacation as well as summer vacation. Winter vacation is from 15th January to 7th February and summer vacation is from 1st July to 31st August.

for complete list of medical colleges in russia visit:
http://study-russia.info/study_medicine_mbbs_in_russia.htm

Russian Scholarships

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Scholarships
The Russian government continues to offer scholarships to citizens of select countries. These scholarships are not administered by the universities, but via the Russian Embassy in your home country or your Ministry of Education. The nature of the scholarship can vary, based on agreements between the Russian Federation and your home country. To learn more, contact these organizations.

Several universities, including Lomonosov Moscow State University, do not take part in this scholarship program.
The achievements of Russian higher education are well known and respected all over the world. At present, more that 60,000 foreign students study at more than 100 Russian universities.Along with the traditional form of higher education on the contract basis, the Russian government scholarships are designed foreign students who wish to study at Russian state universities. Every year the Government of the Russian Federation offers 3,000 scholarships for overseas students, including 20 scholarships for a complete course (Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees) and 5 scholarships for postgraduate (Ph.D.) and postdoctorate studies.The application deadline for the Russian government scholarships is March, 31. The academic year begins on September, 1 (for postgraduate students - October, 15).Although the lectures are normally given in Russian, this is not an obstacle to enter Russian universities. In order to help foreign students obtain necessary language skills and prepare to study in a specific department, a one-year, intensive General Russian Language course is offered by the pre-university departments of the leading Russian universities such as Moscow State University, Russian University of Peoples’ Friendship, Saint-Petersburg State Technical University, etc.After the successful completion of the preliminary course, students continue their studies at the chosen universities accordingly to their chosen degree programme.

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List of Universities in Russia

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List of Universities in Russia
Universities in Russia

Following are the list of Universities in Russia:

Altay State University
Chuvashiya State University
Far Eastern State University
Kabardino-Balcarian State University
Kaliningrad State University
Kazan University

for details on universities visit: http://study-russia.info/list_of_universities_in_russia.htm

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Language Programs in Russia

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Language Programs in Russia

Language Schools in Russia
Following are the list of Russian Language Schools in Russia:
First Step WorldRussian in RussiaFirst Step World offers language programs across the globe, over 65 different destinations worldwide. Study Russian in Moscow or St. Petersburg, Russia. Includes homestay, social and cultural activities. Participate in group classes with other international students or individual classes. Start throughout the year, internationally diverse participants.

visit for details list of institutes: http://study-russia.info/language_programs_in_russia.html

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Accommodation for Students in Russia

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Accommodation for Students in Russia

Accommodation Arrangements: finding a place to live in Russia - student dormitories, homestays, renting a flat, roommates, hostels...
Most student live in dormitories provided by universities, and this is the least expensive option. Other options include home stay (great for even more immersion and a look at Russian life!) or renting an apartment alone or with roommates. The program organizers can generally assist with the first two options, but apartment rentals is more specific. We would recommend staying first in the dormitory while looking for an apartment and also checking out flatmates.ru if you are interested in finding a roommate. Be sure to inform your program organizers of your housing plans as it can sometimes be an issue with your visa registration (which is tied to your residence).

Student DormitoriesThis is a very basic kind of accommodation and it allows to save a lot of money and provides an easy way to meet a lot of young people.The quality of accommodation really depends on the university. In Moscow (especially MGU) and St. Petersburg dormitories are quite good and can be compared to the ones in American universities (though in Russia they are much less expensive). In smaller towns dorms may be quite run-down, so it's better to check before what you will be getting with your university. Check also if there are any problems with hot water.If you're staying for 3-4 months it is just too much headache and expense to run around for an apartment, so getting a dorm is the best option (unless you find a shared apartment).If you're planning to stay longer than a year, then you can still get a dorm room for a month or two and directly when you arrive to Russia start looking for an apartment or a roommate to share an apartment with.The price is usually about $100 per month for quite a small room with catering facilities and showers outside.

for details visit: http://study-russia.info/accommodation_for_students_in_russia.htm

Admission Season in Russia

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Admission Season in Russia

The academic year in Russia begins in the first week of September and lasts for ten months before ending in the last week of June. Application for admission to various study programmes can be submitted by the 15 May of the year in which the student wishes to start his studies. Foreign students also need to sit for the qualifying examination before being able to commence their programmes.

Benefits of studying medicine in Russia
No donation or capitation fee.
No entrance Exam.
Easy Admission Process.
Russian medical degrees are recognized by WHO, UNESCO, etc.
Wide range of possibilities and broad exposure to clinical practice due to highly equipped multiprofile hospitals.
The educational fees are very low due to subsidy of Russian Government. The living expenses for students are over around US$ 80-100 (Up to 3250 Rs. ) per month. This has made Russia as an economical educational destination.
Cost of Living
Each student should carry

for details visit: http://study-russia.info/admission_season_in_russia.htm

Higher Education in Russia

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Higher Education in Russia

After the breakup of the erstwhile Soviet Union, the Russian education system inherited much of its characteristics.
Both public and private accredited higher educational institutions are providing higher education in the country. Basic higher education that lasts for four years leads to the first university degree. This degree is equivalent to B.Sc degree provided in the US or Western Europe. The postgraduate higher education has duration of 5 to 6 years or more. Students get the Master’s degree after the completion of two years. After completing the Master’s, students can go for the doctoral programmes.

Entry to the top universities in the country is based on competition. This ensures that only quality students either from Russia itself or abroad get admitted into the institutions. Cost factor is another area that needs mention. For the quality of education that Russian universities provide, tuition fees are comparatively lower. Tuition fees for degree programme can range between $2000 and $8000 a year while other expenses such as room & board, books, etc. costing another $1500 to $5000 every year. Of course, these charges depend on the location where one is going to stay and spending habits. Of late, Russian universities have also started offering courses for the public and specific professional needs.More than 880 higher education institutions in the country offer a wide number of programmes that include both research and study programmes. There are preparatory courses for foreign students wherein an intensive training in Russian language is provided. Refresher courses in the chosen field of study is also provided.
Essential Information for Student
List of institutions of higher learning in Russia
Scholarships
Student Visa
Universities in Russia
Study MBBS in Russia

Education System in Russia

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Education System in Russia
Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best mass-eduction systems in the world producing a literacy rate (98%) exceeding most Western European countries. Education is split into a compulsory Basic Education, and ongoing Higher Education.

Compulsory Basic Education
Basic general education lasts for nine years. Graduates of this level may continue their education at senior high school to receive secondary general education. They may also enter an initial vocational school or non-university level higher education institutions. Initial vocational schools include PTU (Professional'no-technicheskoe uchilische) which offer one-and-a-half to two years' purely professional education and a Professional'ny Litsei which offer joint professional and secondary general education for three to four years and skilled workers' training at different levels. Non-university level higher education institutions also offer three- to four-year professional and secondary general education and two-year vocational training for holders of the School Leaving Certificate. Secondary general education on the basis of basic general education continues for two years and ends when students are 17-18. Graduates from a secondary general school may apply for entrance to a higher education institution. Secondary education leads to the award of the Attestat o Srednem (Polnom) Obshchem Obrasovanii (Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education).

Higher Education
Higher education is provided by public and non-public (non-State) accredited higher education institutions. There are two levels of higher education:
Basic higher education (4 years) leading to the Bakalavr's degree, the first university level degree. This is equivalent to the B.Sc. degree in the US or Western Europe
Postgraduate higher education (5-6 years or more). After two years, students are entitled to receive a Magistr's degree. This is equivalent to a Master's Degree (M.Sc, M.A.) in the US or Western Europe. After a Master's degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: Kandidat Nauk degree (the first level, equivalent to Ph.D.) and Doktor Nauk degree (the second, highest level, equivalent to Professor).
The Bakalavr's (Bachelor's) degree programmes last for at least 4 years of full-time university-level study. The programmes are elaborated in accordance with the State Educational Standards which regulate almost 80% of their content. The other 20% are elaborated by the university itself. The programmes include professional and special courses in Science, the Humanities and Social-economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing State final exams. Having obtained the Bakalavr's degree, students may apply to enter the Magistr's programme or continue their studies in the framework of the Specialist's Diploma programmes. The Bakalavr's degree is awarded in all fields except Medicine after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams. In Medicine, the first stage lasts for six years.
Holders of the Bakalavr's (Bachelor) degree are admitted to enter the Specialist Diploma and Magistr's (Master's) degree programmes. Access to these programmes is competitive. The Magistr's (Master's) degree is awarded after successful completion of two years' full-time study. Students must carry out a year of research including practice and prepare and defend a thesis which constitutes an original contribution and sit for final examinations.
Access to the Kandidat Nauk (Aspirantura) level again is very competitive. Candidates must hold a Specialist Diploma or a Magistr's degree. Studies last for 3 years. The Aspirantura prepares for research and professorial activities. Students must learn teaching methods, ICTs, and pass qualifying (Kandidat Nauk) exams. They carry out independent research, prepare and defend a dissertation in public. They are then awarded the scientific degree of Kandidat Nauk. The Doctor Nauk programme is specific and its duration is not fixed. It follows the Kandidat Nauk and is awarded after preparation and public defence of a dissertation.
History of education in Russia
Russia's higher education system started with the foundation of the universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg in the middle of the 18th century. The system was constructed similar to that of Germany. In Soviet times all of the population in Russia had at least a secondary education. The pursuit of higher education was and still is considered to be very prestigious. More than 50% of people have a higher education.
Due in great part to demands of the international educational organizations, the system of education in Russia began to change over the past four to five years. Universities began transitioning to a system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for the Bachelor's degree and 2 years for a Master's degree. The universities are still in the process of these changes; some of them offer the new system and others still work according to the prior 5-year system, particularly in programs such as law.
Entry requirements for Russia's universities
Russia's top universities have very competitive entry requirements, and special entry exams are held each year. Students with Russian citizenship, regardless of residency outside of Russia, must apply for studies according to the standard competitive system and directly with a faculty admissions office. If you have dual citizenship, you can apply as a foreign student using the non-Russian passport. Applicants for advanced degrees (M.A./M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc.) should have their prior degree in the same or a very similar field. This is a more strict requirement than in some other countries, especially the US.
One of the great attractions of education in Russia is the cost, especially when compared to the quality. Degree study tuition can range from $2000 to $8000 per year, with other costs (room & board, books, etc.) ranging from $1500 to $5000 per year, depending on location and spending habits.
Many Russian universities also offer distance education and provide courses for the public and for specific professional needs. However, such systems are usually less developed than in the US and other Western European countries.
The academic year lasts from Sept 1 to Mid June everywhere, with long summer vacations from July 1st to Aug 31.
Training of teachers in Russia
A very important part of Russia's education system is the training of teachers. There are three levels: primary/basic, secondary and higher level teachers.
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers Non-university level educational institutions (technikums, colleges) train teachers for pre-primary and primary schools. The duration of the course is two to four-and-a-half years. Some teacher training institutions of university level train teachers for primary schools. The course lasts for five years. Graduates of these two types of educational institutions may exercise the profession.

Training of secondary school teachers Teacher training is carried out in teacher training university-level institutions. The programme lasts for at least five years. Graduates may enter the profession.

Training of higher education teachers University teachers must have followed post-graduate training. A scientific degree (Kandidat Nauk at least) is compulsory. Lecturers are appointed on a contract basis by the departments, tenured professors are appointed by the university.
( http://www.studyrussian.com/MGU/russian-education-system.html )

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About Russia

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About Russia

Russia is a transcontinental country extending over much of northern Eurasia (Europe and Asia). With an area of 17,075,400 km², Russia is the largest country in the world, covering almost twice the total area of the next-largest country, Canada, and has large mineral and energy resources combined with the world's ninth-largest population. Russia shares land borders with the following countries (counter-clockwise from northwest to southeast): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It is also close to the United States (the state of Alaska), Sweden, and Japan across relatively small stretches of water (the Bering Strait, the Baltic Sea, and La Pérouse Strait, respectively).

Formerly the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), a republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia became the Russian Federation following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. After the Soviet era, more than half of the area, population, and industrial production of the Soviet Union (then one of the world's two Cold War superpowers, the other one being the United States) passed on to the Russian Federation.Russia is considered to be an energy superpower. Russia is internationally recognised as continuing the legal personality of the Soviet Union and is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. It is also one of the five recognised nuclear weapons states and possesses the world's largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is the leading nation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, a member of the G8 as well as other international organisations.

Geography
TopographyThe two most widely separated points in Russia are about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) apart along a geodesic (i.e. shortest line between two points on the Earth's surface). These points are: the boundary with Poland on a 60 km long (40-mi long) spit of land separating the Gulf of Gdańsk from the Vistula Lagoon; and the farthest southeast of the Kurile Islands, a few miles off Hokkaidō Island, Japan. The points which are furthest separated in longitude are 6,600 km (4,100 mi) apart along a geodesic. These points are: in the West, the same spit; in the East, the Big Diomede Island (Ostrov Ratmanova). The Russian Federation spans eleven time zones.The Russian Federation stretches across much of the north of the supercontinent of Eurasia. Because of its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. As with its topography, its climates, vegetation, and soils span vast distances. From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed forest, broadleaf forest, grassland (steppe), and semidesert (fringing the Caspian Sea) as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate.[92] Siberia supports a similar sequence but lacks the mixed forest. Most of Siberia is taiga.ClimateBecause of its size, Russia's climate displays both monotony and diversity. The climate of the Russian Federation formed under the influence of several determining factors. One of the most important is the enormous size and remoteness of many areas of the sea, resulting in the dominance of the continental climate. The climates of both European and Asian Russia are continental except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.

Economy
More than a decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is trying to further develop a market economy and achieve much more consistent economic growth. Russia saw its comparatively developed centrally planned economy contract severely for five years, as the executive and the legislature dithered over the implementation of reforms and Russia's aging industrial base faced a serious decline. Russia ended 2006 with its eighth straight year of growth, averaging 6.7% annually since the financial crisis of 1998, despite high negative population growth. Although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble initially drove this growth, since 2003 consumer demand and, more recently, investment have played a significant role.Russia's 2006 GDP was $1.723 trillion (est. PPP), the 9th highest in the world, with GDP growth of 6.8%. Growth was driven by non-tradable services and goods for the domestic market, as opposed to oil or mineral extraction and exports. The Russian economy has once again outperformed expectations, and the International Monetary Fund and World Bank forecast that Russia's GDP will grow by at least 7% in 2007. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade revised its forecast and projects that GDP will grow 7.3% in 2007.Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of exports. Oil and gas contribute to 5.7% of GDP and the government predicts this will drop to 3.7% of Russia's GDP by 2011.

Demographics
In July 2007, the population of Russia was estimated to be 141,377,752. The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 Russian census, 79.8% of the population is ethnically Russian, 3.8% Tatar, 2% Ukrainian, 1.2% Bashkir, 1.1% Chuvash, 0.9% Chechen, 0.8% Armenian, and 10.3% other or unspecified. Though Russia's population is large, its population density is low because of its enormous size; its population is densest in European Russia, near the Ural Mountains, and in the southwest Siberia.About 75% of the population live in urban areas. As of the 2002 Census, the two largest cities in Russia are Moscow (10,342,151 inhabitants) and Saint Petersburg (4,661,219). Eleven other cities had between one and two million inhabitants: Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Ufa, Volgograd, and Yekaterinburg. There are currently about 10 million illegal labor migrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.HealthRussia's constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens. While Russia has more physicians, hospitals, and health care workers than almost any other country in the world, it has struggled to provide high levels of health care services. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the health of the Russian population has declined considerably, a result of social, economic, and lifestyle changes. As of 2006, the average life expectancy in Russia is 59.12 years for males and 73.03 years for females. The biggest factor contributing to this relatively low life expectancy is a high mortality rate among working-age males from preventable causes (e.g., alcohol poisoning, stress, smoking, traffic accidents, violent crimes).

Language
The Russian language is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or, according to some authorities, four) living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn, often considered a dialect of Ukrainian). Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards.ReligionChristianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism are Russia’s traditional religions, deemed part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997. Estimates of believers widely fluctuate between sources, and some reports put the number of non-believers in Russia as high as 24–48% of the population. Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia. 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there is a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.CultureRussian literature is considered to be among the most influential literature in the world. Russia has a rich literary history, beginning with the poet Alexander Pushkin, considered the greatest Russian poet and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare".[181] In the nineteenth century, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age, beginning with the poet Pushkin and culminating in two of the greatest novelists in world literature, Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky and in one of the greatest playwrights Anton Chekhov. Russia has remained a leading nation in literature since that time. Significant Russian writers of the Soviet period were Boris Pasternak, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Vladimir Mayakovski, Mikhail Sholokhov, and the poets Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Andrei Voznesensky.

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